Commercial Litigation Update

On June 30, 2025, the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”), together with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General (“HHS OIG”) and other law enforcement partners, announced the results of the 2025 National Health Care Fraud Takedown—hailed as the largest in history.

This year, DOJ’s Health Care Fraud Unit reported that 324 defendants were charged for their alleged involvement in various health care fraud schemes that involved over $14.6 billion in intended loss—more than doubling the prior record of $6 billion set in 2020 during the first Trump administration. By way of comparison, last year, the 2024 Takedown charged 193 defendants with allegedly committing more than $2.5 billion in fraud. And two years ago, the 2023 Takedown charged 78 defendants with more than $2.5 billion. To say there was a significant increase between the Biden administration and the second Trump administration would be an understatement.  

That this administration would “follow the money” should not come as a surprise. As noted, the prior record was set during President Trump’s first term in 2020. In that Takedown, DOJ and HHS OIG reported 345 defendants allegedly submitted more than $6 billion in false and fraudulent claims to federal health care programs and private payers. The bulk of that 2020 Takedown, $4.5 billion, was related to telehealth.

On June 25, 2025, the Office of the Inspector General (“OIG”) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) released a short video containing the highlights of the Medicaid Fraud Control Units (“MFCUs”) Annual Report for Fiscal Year 2024 (“2024 Annual Report”). While the 2024 Annual Report was released in March 2025, HHS OIG just released the two-minute video summarizing the key aspects of the report.

MFCUs—which investigate and prosecute statewide Medicaid provider fraud, and beneficiary abuse and neglect—recovered $1.4 billion in FY 2024, which equates to $3.46 for every $1 spent. Criminal recoveries were the highest amount in the past 10 years, $961 million, and more than double the rolling 5-year average. HHS OIG attributes this massive increase to the California MFCU, which recovered $513 million on its own.

On January 28, 2025, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit issued a significant ruling reinforcing the Fifth Amendment’s protection against self-incrimination and clarifying the attorney-client privilege in the context of grand jury subpoenas. In In Re Grand Jury Subpoena, 127 F.4th 139 (9th Cir. 2025), the Ninth Circuit held that counsel cannot be compelled to provide a privilege log delineating all documents a client previously sent to counsel for the purpose of obtaining legal advice unless and until the court conducts an in camera review of the documents at issue to determine whether the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination, as announced in Fisher v. United States, 425 U.S. 391 (1976), applies.^[1]

The decision further defines the limits of government subpoenas in criminal investigations and clarifies when privilege logs themselves may be shielded from disclosure. This ruling has far-reaching implications for attorneys, clients, and government investigations, particularly in white-collar, tax fraud and corporate compliance matters.

As the dietary supplement industry continues to draw attention from Congress, state attorneys general, and class action lawyers, now comes another state law trying to prohibit the sale of over-the-counter (“OTC”) dietary supplements that target weight loss and muscle building to minors – this time, in New Jersey.

On October 28, 2024, by a majority vote of 56 to 17, with four abstentions, the New Jersey General Assembly passed Assembly Bill No. 1848, which, if it goes into effect, will prohibit the sale or delivery of OTC diet pills, weight loss, and muscle building supplements to minors, unless the minor is accompanied by a parent or guardian. Bill No 1848 is an exemplar of efforts intended to combat the misuse and abuse of these products and the potential causal relationship between these dietary supplements and eating disorders. Violators, including employees of retail establishments, may face a civil penalty of not more than $750.

The legislation sets forth that:

“no person, firm, corporation, partnership, association, limited liability company, or other entity shall sell, offer to sell, or offer for promotional purposes, either directly or indirectly by an agent or an employee, any over-the-counter diet pull or dietary supplement for weight loss or muscle building to a minor under 18 years of age, unless the minor is accompanied by a parent or guardian.”

On June 27, 2024, the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General (“HHS-OIG”), along with other federal and state law enforcement partners, announced the annual National Health Care Fraud Enforcement Action using criminal enforcement to target a wide variety of alleged health care fraud schemes.

What Has Stayed the Same and What Has Changed?

Similar to last year’s all-encompassing “takedown,” this year’s enforcement action charged defendants with schemes related to telemedicine and laboratory fraud; diversion of controlled substances (HIV medications and prescription stimulants); addiction treatment schemes; opioids and other familiar types of health care fraud (such as home health, DME and kickbacks).  However, the “headline” this year was a $900 million case in Arizona involving medically unnecessary amniotic wound grafts.

The 2024 enforcement action charged 193 defendants who allegedly have committed over $2.75 billion in fraud. The cases were brought by 32 different U.S. Attorneys’ Offices and 11 State Attorney Generals’ Offices. Although the dollar figure at issue is slightly higher than the 2023 enforcement action, the number of defendants is strikingly higher, with almost two and a half times as many defendants charged. Similarly, the cases were brought in almost twice as many federal districts as last year, suggesting that the Fraud Section is building more partnerships with U.S. Attorney’s Offices nationwide.  

On June 28, 2023, the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General (“HHS-OIG”), along with other federal and state law enforcement partners, announced a nationwide health care fraud enforcement action targeting a variety of alleged health care fraud schemes. As has been the case over the last few years, DOJ and HHS-OIG have moved away from categorizing the enforcement action as a “takedown”. The government has not explained the naming change, but one explanation is that it is no longer properly considered a true “takedown” because the enforcement activity (charges, arrests) occurs over many weeks leading up to the day it is announced.  

It has been four years since Congress enacted the Eliminating Kickbacks in Recovery Act (“EKRA”), codified at 18 U.S.C. § 220. EKRA initially targeted patient brokering and kickback schemes within the addiction treatment and recovery spaces. However, since EKRA was expansively drafted to also apply to clinical laboratories (it applies to improper referrals for any “service”, regardless of the payor), public as well as private insurance plans and even self-pay patients fall within the reach of the statute.

The Judicial Conference of the United States’ Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure seems poised to advance proposed amendments to Federal Rule of Evidence 702, after the Advisory Committee on Evidence unanimously voted to approve the proposed amendments and recommended that the Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure refer the amendments to the Judicial Conference for a full vote.